Let's first learn about Temperaments as ways to divide an octave into distinct notes to play. Then let's find out how these notes got their names with Solmization and how they were written down in National notation systems. The West-European tradition and it's Classic staff notation is one of the most influential worldwide, but still there's a plenty of ancient and modern Alternative notation systems to explore and experiment with. There's a whole world of Computer notation in the digital realm.